View Full Version : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2004
On a quiet Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, more than 2,400 Americans were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor. On that day, life changed in America, and the course of history was altered forever.
Our citizens reacted to the attack with firm determination to defeat tyranny and secure our Nation. This enterprise required the commitment and effort of our entire country. At the height of the conflict, the United States had ships on every ocean and troops on five continents. In all, more than 16 million Americans wore the uniform of our Nation. They came from all walks of life. They served honorably and fought fiercely. At home, millions more contributed to the war effort, laboring for victory in our factories, on farms, and across America.
Today, we honor those who fought and died at Pearl Harbor, and we pay special tribute to the veterans of World War II. These heroes hold a cherished place in our history. Through their courage, sacrifice, and selfless dedication, they saved our country and preserved freedom. As we fight the war on terror, their patriotism continues to inspire a new generation of Americans who have been called to defend the blessings of liberty. Like those who have gone before them throughout our history, our troops fighting the war on terror are defending America from danger and liberating the oppressed.
The Congress, by Public Law 103-308, as amended, has designated December 7 of each year as "National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day."
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim December 7, 2004, as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. I encourage all Americans to observe this solemn occasion with appropriate ceremonies and activities. I urge all Federal agencies, interested organizations, groups, and individuals to fly the flag of the United States at half-staff this December 7 in honor of those who died as a result of their service at Pearl Harbor.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-ninth.
GEORGE W. BUSH
# # #
Lest we forget. RIP to those who died that day and in the subsequent war, as they fought so valiantly to defend America. And as always those that continue to do so. God bless them all and God bless our Country.
Bill Harsey
12-07-2004, 09:20
Good post Dan, Thanks.
The Reaper
12-07-2004, 09:35
Thanks, Dan.
I have been on the Arizona Memorial many times, and it is always a reverent and solemn experience. Over 1,000 dead Americans under your feet, and she is still leaking oil from her bunkers to put a rainbow sheen on the surface. I am always surprised at the numbers of Japanese tourists that flock there. You would think that shame would keep them away, but I guess that they don't teach that there anymore.
Our Quad at Schofield Barracks in the 25th ID still had bullet holes in the exterior walls from Japanese planes' strafing attacks.
RIP, brothers.
TR
CPTAUSRET
12-07-2004, 10:29
Thanks, Dan.
I have been on the Arizona Memorial many times, and it is always a reverent and solemn experience. Over 1,000 dead Americans under your feet, and she is still leaking oil from her bunkers to put a rainbow sheen on the surface. I am always surprised at the numbers of Japanese tourists that flock there. You would think that shame would keep them away, but I guess that they don't teach that there anymore.
Our Quad at Schofield Barracks in the 25th ID still had bullet holes in the exterior walls from Japanese planes' strafing attacks.
RIP, brothers.
TR
Dan:
Thanks for the post.
We visited Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the Arizona Memorial w/in a 2month timeframe, pretty sobering stuff...
I found only one reference to Pearl Harbor in the two japanese memorials, and it totally glossed over the fact that we were attacked by Japan.
Nancy had a Japanese Post-Doc who was here for a year or two, studying with her, he saw the film "Pearl Harbor" (the recent, silly version) and was aghast that the movie depicted Japan attacking the US... That was not what he had been taught. He asked everyone he was working with if in fact this was true, "Did Japan really attack the US at Pearl Harbor?
They have been rewriting history over there for some time now.
Terry
... he saw the film "Pearl Harbor" (the recent, silly version) and was aghast that the movie depicted Japan attacking the US... That was not what he had been taught. He asked everyone he was working with if in fact this was true, "Did Japan really attack the US at Pearl Harbor?
That's sad indictment of the Japanese. Maybe our schools should teach that pioneers were nothing more than peace-loving expansionist who were brutally attacked by the savage indians.
I like your description of the movie. LOL!!
The Reaper
12-07-2004, 11:08
They also deny their brutal treatment of POWs and indigenous personnel that were subject to their "hospitality", particularly some of their more egregious acts in the Phillipines and China. :confused:
I guess the whole "Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" was a bad dream as well. :rolleyes:
TR
They have been rewriting history over there for some time now.
Terry
Seems it is also being done here in our own schools. :mad:
NousDefionsDoc
12-08-2004, 01:26
Some of the Heroes (http://www.worldwariihistory.info/Medal-of-Honor/Pearl-Harbor.html)
Rest in Peace and Thank You
Roguish Lawyer
12-08-2004, 01:41
their brutal treatment of POWs and indigenous personnel that were subject to their "hospitality", particularly some of their more egregious acts in the Phillipines and China.
"Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"
Yet today we trade extensively with them and consider them allies. Important lesson for those who oppose our work in Iraq.
The Reaper
12-08-2004, 06:38
Yet today we trade extensively with them and consider them allies. Important lesson for those who oppose our work in Iraq.
We were cooperating with the Germans against the Soviets before the smoke over Berlin cleared.
TR
You guys are wildly off base about the Japanese. I grew up with a great many Japanese, most of whom remain friends to this day, and every single one invariably becomes uncomfortable when the topic of WW2 is raised. They are profoundly aware of the fruits of their aggression, and most feel personally ashamed of those events even though they were perpetrated by another generation. Hence the national trend toward pacifism, which took root after WW2 and is in marked contrast to their long martial tradition.
Anyone seen that kind of contrition from a German recently? Let's not slander our friends needlessly.
Bill Harsey
12-08-2004, 08:19
Some of the Heroes (http://www.worldwariihistory.info/Medal-of-Honor/Pearl-Harbor.html)
Rest in Peace and Thank You
Thanks NDD.
I just finished reading the detail on each one.
Thanks to All.
The Reaper
12-08-2004, 08:45
You guys are wildly off base about the Japanese. I grew up with a great many Japanese, most of whom remain friends to this day, and every single one invariably becomes uncomfortable when the topic of WW2 is raised. They are profoundly aware of the fruits of their aggression, and most feel personally ashamed of those events even though they were perpetrated by another generation. Hence the national trend toward pacifism, which took root after WW2 and is in marked contrast to their long martial tradition.
Anyone seen that kind of contrition from a German recently? Let's not slander our friends needlessly.
I lived in Hawaii for several years, traveled to Japan, had Japanese friends, and met many Japanese business people and tourists.
I will have to take exception to your comments and state that I think you are dead wrong.
Were your friends educated in the West?
The Japanese know that there was something wrong with what happened, but are grossly uninformed about their involvement in WW II and are in denial about the horrible atrocities they committed. They do not teach the Japanese expansionism and aggression that started WW II, or their sneak attack on U.S. forces in Hawaii and the Phillipines that precipitated U.S. involvement.
One of my best friend's father had been captured on Corregidor and made the Death March. The stories he told me of the actions of the Japanese soldiers and even civilians are absolutely horriffic and incomprehensible.
Their zenophobic dislike of foreigners continues to this day. My associates who have lived in Japan have also commented on this, saying that foreigners who leave the insular group of friends or business associates and meet Japanese casually there say that the racism is palpable.
The Germans teach that Nazism was a horrible time in their country's history and that it must never happen again. Many sites in Germany are dedicated to the horros perpetrated there. The Germans have made reparations to many of their victims, and the evil of Hitler is mentioned there on a regular basis. Other than Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the Japanese War Memorial (all looking at external damage done to Japan), where are the Japanese reflective on their horrors? Any public castigation or acknowledgement of the terrors of Tojo or mistakes of the Emperor? They deny the sack of Manila, the Rape of Nanking, and the torture and chem/bio experimentation on POWs.
No, the entire Japanese culture is in denial, and I see no change in sight.
TR
Bill Harsey
12-08-2004, 09:06
I have personally had many positive experiences conducting business with people from Japan and have recieved many here in the shop as not just customers but true friends.
My sister in law is from Japan and I would never speak against her.
Our old firewatch and gate security man for the logging operation was a survivor of the Bataan Death March (rest in peace Mr. Hickey) who told me some of what he both witnessed and endured.
I believe what The Reaper says is correct.
CPTAUSRET
12-08-2004, 09:23
You guys are wildly off base about the Japanese. I grew up with a great many Japanese, most of whom remain friends to this day, and every single one invariably becomes uncomfortable when the topic of WW2 is raised. They are profoundly aware of the fruits of their aggression, and most feel personally ashamed of those events even though they were perpetrated by another generation. Hence the national trend toward pacifism, which took root after WW2 and is in marked contrast to their long martial tradition.
Anyone seen that kind of contrition from a German recently? Let's not slander our friends needlessly.
jatx:
I see that TR has responded with much of what I was going to say, however let's look at this..."Let's not slander our friends needlessly"
What I said was true, verifiably so. Where is the slander??
Nancy has been training Japanese Post-Doc's for many years (it is a HUGE honor for one of their Post-Doc's to be allowed to train with Nancy), I believe that at least 6 Department Chairs of Psychiatry in Japan are held by those trained by Nancy. We travel to Japan probably 2-3 times per year, and Nancy has been doing so for 0ver 20 years.
What I stated was absolutely true. Travel to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, tour the exhibits and prove me wrong. We both spent several hours striving to find some mention of Pearl Harbor; as I stated in my previous post.
Airbornelawyer
12-08-2004, 11:48
My impression (from my Japanese roommates in college, JGSDF officers and others I've known) is that they are taught the Tora! Tora! Tora! version of events - Japan was forced into action by the US embargo*, honorable officers (such as those in the IJN hierarchy like Yamamoto) opposed the actions of a small clique of militarists in the Army like Tojo, it was only a "sneak attack" because of the delays in getting the declaration translated, etc. There are elements of truth in some of these, but this version also conveniently leaves out a lot of details (we didn't exactly force Japan to invade China; the legitimate reaction to the US refusing to export iron and avgas to Japan is not to invade Indochina, Malaya and Indonesia; the Japanese decided to skip the step between a breakdown of negotiations and a commencement of war, i.e. the ultimatum stage, etc.).
*From the Japanese Embassy's protest letter of October 7, 1940:In view of the fact that Japan has been for some years the principal buyer of American iron and steel scrap, the announcement of the administrative policy, as well as the regulations establishing license system in iron and steel scrap cannot fail to be regarded as directed against Japan, and, as such, to be an unfriendly act.
I apologize for my delayed response, gentlemen. I recognize that one of our hurdles here is that we have all made arguments that generalize from the specific, i.e. attributing the attitudes and beliefs of specific Japanese whom we have each known to the wider Japanese population. I had hoped to put us all on firmer ground by identifying relevant Japanese attitudinal research on the topic, but have sadly been unable to identify any good sources one way or another.
For background reading on Japan's well-established conduct during the war, I'd direct friends to the following link: http://www.jca.apc.org/JWRC/exhibit/Index.HTM
However, I stand by my earlier interjection and would like to address your points in order.
TR:
To answer your question, my Japanese friends were all raised in Japan. In fact, it was those friends who first taught me something about the extent of Japan's aggression leading up to the war. That stands in marked contrast to the revisionist, PC self-flagellation exercise that many American history courses have become in recent years.
You essentially argue that (1) widespread ignorance and/or denial of Japan's culpability for and actions during WW2 exists in Japan today (2) that Japan's actions during the war were brutal and that (3) there has been little public acknowledgement of Japan's wrongs since the war.
I will not contest your second point. Like your friend, I too had family in the Pacific Theater during the war and have heard first-hand accounts of what took place there, in addition to having examined the historical record. We agree on this point and it was not a part of my argument.
Consider, though, the heated national debates within Japanese society generated by each of the textbook controversies of 1982, 1986 and 2001. In each case, a small group of right-wingers in the Ministry of Education managed to garner approval for a student textbook that contained a wildly revisionist version of the events surrounding the war. Each time, protest groups were formed by Japanese citizens who were offended by the lack of forthrightness in the material, and this concern was reflected in the general media, as well. For sure, there were those who supported the textbooks as they were written, but the point here is that there has been genuine debate about how to teach WW2's history to Japanese students for over twenty years now.
This does not suggest to me that the Japanese mainstream is genuinely ignorant of the basic facts surrounding Japan's involvement in WW2. Rather, it suggests that despite the passage of fifty years, many Japanese still struggle emotionally with their nation's past. Further evidence of this ongoing, painful process of reflection was provided more recently, following the release of Iris Chang's book, "The Rape of Nanking." The Japanese public was transfixed for weeks by the debate over the book's arguments and the evidence offered to support those arguments. I have a hard time believing that many Japanese have failed to take note of these debates.
You also question whether the Japanese have made meaningful public gestures demonstrating contrition. In the posts to follow, I offer statements by both prominent political leaders and academics which acknowledge in no uncertain terms Japan's history of aggression and brutality.
TR, it may very well be that some Japanese remain ignorant of the facts about WW2, and that you have been unlucky enough to meet those people. The actions of irresponsible leaders such as Koizumi (who has repeatedly visited the Yasukuni Shrine in an official capacity) haven't helped matters. However, the Japanese are today largely pacifist people of extraordinarily good will, in no small part due to the lessons they've drawn from history.
Terry:
I read about your wife previously in your humorous Clinton post. She sounds like a great American, and you are rightly proud of her. However, her individual work with Japanese post-docs in no way bolsters your argument that the Japanese are "rewriting history" and that their war monuments fail to mention Pearl Harbor.
While visiting Hiroshima, you missed this on Pearl Harbor: http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/visit_e/est_e/panel/A2/2201.htm
And this on Nanking: http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/visit_e/est_e/panel/A2/2203_1.htm
For the record, the inscription at Nagasaki follows: http://www.peace-nagasaki.go.jp/eng/ftop.html
I believe it's worth noting that the Nagasaki memorial does not assign culpability for the war to any party, and doesn't even address the justness of America's decision to drop the bomb there. It is only meant to stand as a symbol for peace amongst all people, and to commemorate the civilian lives lost there. That is a noble goal, and I can't fault the Japanese for not providing more of a history lesson. We took the same approach in constructing our own Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which makes no political statements whatsoever.
With regard to the Japanese rewriting history, I believe that they are, but not in the way you have articulated. They continue to grapple with their history, and significant elements within the society are working to ensure that their fellow countrymen bear no delusions about Japan's past.
Resolution to Renew the Determination for Peace on the Basis of Lessons Learned from History
June 9, 1995
(Unofficial translation by the Secretariat of the Japan House of Representatives)
The House of Representatives resolves as follows:
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II, this House offers its sincere condolences to those who fell in action of wars and similar actions all over the world.
Solemnly reflecting upon many instances of colonial rule and acts of aggression in the modern history of the world, and recognizing that Japan carried out those acts in the past, inflicting pain and suffering upon the peoples of other countries, especially in Asia, the Members of this House express a sense of deep remorse.
We must transcend differences over historical views of the past war and learn humbly the lessons of history so as to build a peaceful international society.
This House expresses its resolve, under the banner of eternal peace enshrined in the Constitution of Japan, to join hands with other nations of the world and to pave the way to a future that allows all human beings to live together.
Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama
The world has seen 50 years elapse since the war came to an end. Now, when I remember the many people both at home and abroad who fell victim to war, my heart is overwhelmed by a flood of emotions.
The peace and prosperity of today were built as Japan overcame great difficulty to arise from a devastated land after defeat in war. That achievement is something of which we are proud, and let me herein express my heartfelt admiration for the wisdom and untiring effort of each and every one of our citizens. Let me also express once again my profound gratitude for the indispensable support and assistance extended to Japan by the countries of the world, beginning with the United States of America. I am also delighted that we have been able to build the friendly relations which we enjoy today with the neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the United States and the countries of Europe.
Now that Japan has come to enjoy peace and abundance, we tend to overlook the pricelessness and blessings of peace. Our task is to convey to younger generations the horrors of war, so that we never repeat the errors in our history. I believe that, as we join hands, especially with the peoples of neighboring countries, to ensure true peace in the Asia- Pacific region -- indeed in the entire world -- it is necessary, more than anything else, that we foster relations with all countries based on deep understanding and trust. Guided by this conviction, the Government has launched the Peace, Friendship and Exchange Initiative, which consists of two parts promoting: support for historical research into relations in the modern era between Japan and the neighboring countries of Asia and elsewhere; and rapid expansion of exchanges with those countries. Furthermore, I will continue in all sincerity to do my utmost in efforts being made on the issues arisen from the war, in order to further strengthen the relations of trust between Japan and those countries.
Now, upon this historic occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end, we should bear in mind that we must look into the past to learn from the lessons of history, and ensure that we do not stray from the path to the peace and prosperity of human society in the future.
During a certain period in the not too distant past, Japan, following a mistaken national policy, advanced along the road to war, only to ensnare the Japanese people in a fateful crisis, and, through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations. In the hope that no such mistake be made in the future, I regard, in a spirit of humility, these irrefutable facts of history, and express here once again my feelings of deep remorse and state my heartfelt apology. Allow me also to express my feelings of profound mourning for all victims, both at home and abroad, of that history.
Building from our deep remorse on this occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, Japan must eliminate self-righteous nationalism, promote international coordination as a responsible member of the international community and, thereby, advance the principles of peace and democracy. At the same time, as the only country to have experienced the devastation of atomic bombing, Japan, with a view to the ultimate elimination of nuclear weapons, must actively strive to further global disarmament in areas such as the strengthening of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. It is my conviction that in this way alone can Japan atone for its past and lay to rest the spirits of those who perished.
It is said that one can rely on good faith. And so, at this time of remembrance, I declare to the people of Japan and abroad my intention to make good faith the foundation of our Government policy, and this is my vow.
Statement with the signatures of 137 well-known academics and public figures, handed over to Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama on June 30, 1995
We Urge the Japanese Government to Make Compensation without Further Delay
The colonial domination and the war of aggression perpetrated by Imperial Japan left an enormous number of people in Asia, particularly on the Korean Peninsula and in China, still suffering from incurable wounds of mind and body. However diverse may be the views on history held by Japanese, no one can deny the unmistakable presence of these victimized people.
Among such victims are the former "comfort women" and the forcibly drafted Asian workers, who were enslaved by the Japanese state in complete violation of their dignity as human beings, and compulsorily subject to unbearable torment and humiliation. It is self-evident that they are entitled to compensation by the Japanese state.
Through a critical self-examination of the last militarist war, Japan in the post-war period has been striving to be reborn as a democratic nation based on the idea of universal human rights. As stated in the Constitution, democracy is "a universal principle of humankind," and universal human rights should be respected regardless of the difference in nationality. Compensation by the Japanese state for the grave infringements on human rights committed by it against Asian peoples could, therefore, stand as its testimony before world public opinion that it has transformed itself from militarism into a democracy.
Nevertheless, no compensatory measures for these victimized individuals have been taken by the Japanese government up to the present. On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the end of World War II, we urge the government to fulfill its responsibility at least to these two categories of people, even though there are other victims as well. No further delay is permissible in view of the aging of these people.
If the government decides to make compensation to these individuals in the name of the Japanese state, we, as citizens of Japan, will be willing to cooperate by soliciting private contributions. We do not support the "Asian Peace and Friendship Fund for Women" recently publicized by the government, however, because it is intended to replace state indemnities by private donations. This is a formula which is utterly inappropriate and is bound to fail to meet the claim of the victims.
Knowing that even state compensation will be far from sufficient to cure the profound wounds inflicted on these people, we sincerely seek their forgiveness, hoping that the state compensation will serve as a token of our apologies. At the same time, we must confess that we are deeply ashamed of the persistent evasion of war responsibility committed by the governments and the Diet.
Standing at a crossroads of historic significance 50 years after the end of World War II, we urge the Japanese government to express an unequivocal apology and take concrete steps towards making due compensation to the victimized people so that the Japanese people may, in the words of the Constitution, "occupy an honored place in international society."
Japan Committee to Appeal for World Peace 1995 (Issued March, 1995)
Proposal for an International Appeal for Global Peace on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the End of World War II
Fifty years are about to pass since the conclusion of World War II, which brought unimaginable suffering to peoples throughout the world. The passage of months and years that now amount to half a century compels us to mourn all of the war's victims, irrespective of which side they were on during the war, and to renew our resolution never to repeat the tragedy of war.
It is regrettable, however, that among the various events being planned throughout the world in commemoration of the 50th-year anniversary, there are some that threaten to exacerbate mutual mistrust by emphasizing the differing position at the time of the war. Forty years ago, in 1955, Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein warned that the elimination of war will remain difficult so long as our sense of common humanity remains ambiguous and abstract.
As individuals engaged in scholarly and cultural activities in Japan, we believe it necessary to first clearly promote self- reflection on Japan's war responsibility in the Asia-Pacific War. Based on this, we then wish to present an international appeal that clarifies common ground for working toward global peace. By obtaining the support of many people throughout the world, it is our desire to turn this 50th-year anniversary into an opportunity to strengthen international public opinion in support of world peace.
As a prelude to our proposal for international appeal, we offer the following reflections concerning Japan's war responsibility:
First, it is obvious that the Asia-Pacific War began with the invasion of China, starting with the "Manchurian Incident" of September 1931, and subsequent military invasion of Southeast Asian countries that were European and U.S. colonies. We recognize that apology and compensation for damages to the Asian peoples whom we victimized are necessary.
Second, at that time in Japan there was a tendency to regard the European and American colonial powers as "have" (as opposed to "have- not") countries, and to demand a redistribution of colonial possessions. Such an attitude neglected the demands for national self-determination that had been on the rise since World War I, however, and is anachronistic in the post-World-War-II world. Keeping in mind the fact that 1995 is also the 100th year since the conclusion of the first Sino-Japanese War, we believe self- reflection is necessary concerning Japan's own colonial rule, which started in Formosa (Taiwan) in 1895 and was extended to Korea in 1910.
Third, against a background of confrontation concerning Japan's aggression against China and Indochina, Japan commenced war against the Allied Powers in December 1941 with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor (while a notice to terminate Japan-U.S. negotiations was delayed in the Japanese embassy), coupled with a military assault on the Malay Peninsula. We give serious consideration to the fact that these actions have caused prolonged U.S. distrust of Japan. If Japan is to take a position of seeking peaceful solutions to disputes in today's world, we believe that it is more than ever necessary to clearly self-reflect upon our responsibility for starting the war.
Fourth, heart-felt apology and self-reflection are necessary concerning the mass slaughter of civilians symbolized by the "Nanjing Massacre," as well as the atrocious treatment of Allied prisoners of war and civilian captives such as took place in the "Bataan Death March." The Asia-Pacific War, which caused enormous suffering in neighboring countries, also was accompanied by indescribable sacrifices on the part of the Japanese people, as symbolized by Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, a common consciousness of "no more war" became widespread in post-defeat Japan, and the country chose the path of concentrating on economic recovery while avoiding foreign disputes as much as possible.
As a result, until quite recently Japanese have tended to emphasize their own victimization while neglecting their role as victimizers who brought enormous suffering to foreigners and foreign countries. That is, it cannot be denied that peace consciousness in post-war Japan has had the limitation of being self-centered. This can be seen, for example, in the fact that post-war government compensation policies for individual war victims applied only to Japanese.
In the 1990s, however, problems such as the "military comfort women" became widely known and Japanese public opinion in support of apologizing to foreign war victims and providing compensation to them has risen conspicuously. Also, in recent years local public peace-memorial centers such as those in Hiroshima and Okinawa have begun to address not only Japanese suffering but also the suffering of non-Japanese. In this 50th year since Japan's defeat, we recognize that it is necessary to strengthen this trend whereby peace consciousness transcends the boundaries of "one-country" preoccupation.
Thus, on this historically important juncture of the fiftieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, we urge the Japanese government and Diet to carry out the following five-part agenda:
By August 15, 1995, officially do the following: clearly articulate the government's self-reflection on Japan's responsibility for past colonial rule as well as the Asia-Pacific War, which caused enormous suffering both outside and within the country; express renewed resolution to uphold Article Nine of the Constitution and never invade the territory of other countries; resolve to act as a thoroughly peaceful nation by taking the initiative to work for peaceful dispute resolution and armaments reduction in the future.
Make efforts to make the miserable realities of the war known to the world by, first, releasing to the public all official documents and pertinent materials possessed by the Japanese side, and second, assisting in the identification and maintenance of materials pertaining to war damages in other countries, especially in Asia.
Set up appropriate mechanisms within the government and Diet to quickly investigate war damages to foreigners; apologize to such confirmed victims, and provide early compensation to them; quickly take measures to also establish national compensation to Japanese civilian war victims who have been neglected up to now, such as victims of conventional air raids as well as atomic bombs.
To ensure that younger generations without war experience will possess accurate historical consciousness, make efforts to provide historical education concerning the Asia-Pacific War based on sound scholarship; also, in constructing memorial facilities such as the presently contemplated "Peace Prayer Hall," always include exhibits dealing with the causes and realities of suffering in foreign countries.
Make widely known to the world the terrible human experience of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic-bomb victims, and also the realities of survivors of postwar nuclear experiments such as in the Bikini Incident of 1954. At the same time, with the ultimate end in view of prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons by international law and attaining the early abolishment of nuclear arsenals, take the lead by passing legislation affirming Japan's "three non-nuclear principles" (prohibiting the production or possession of nuclear weapons, or their being brought into Japan by another country).
With the understanding that we ourselves will engage in self-reflection on Japan's war responsibility, and will present the above concrete proposals to the Japanese government and Diet, we offer the International Appeal for Peace that is presented separately here.
International Appeal for Global Peace on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the End of World War II
It soon will be 50 years since the end of World War II, which caused enormous suffering to peoples throughout the world. We believe that this fiftieth anniversary should not be observed in ways that reinforce the enmity and mistrust associated with different positions during the war. Rather, it should be commemorated in a manner that turns the tragic war experience in the direction of building future peace for humanity. With this in mind, we propose the following eight principles:
Upon the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, we pledge that, once having clearly established the responsibility of the Axis countries that started the war, we will mourn all war victims irrespective of nationality or race and make efforts to ensure that such enormous sacrifices will never be repeated.
We take seriously the fact that even today, after 50 years, many questions remain concerning accurate numbers of war victims and the actual extent of war damages. Thus, we urge the countries involved to continue to investigate these matters and release pertinent information both domestically and internationally.
We also take note of the fact that there still remain war victims who even to the present day have not received appropriate apologies and just compensation. We thus request that the former Axis countries involved investigate these matters and hasten to extend apologies and compensation for individual damages that are confirmed.
Recalling that one of the cause of the war was mutual mistrust among the various countries, we consider it important to promote international exchanges concerning historical education and the like, with the ultimate objective of promoting mutual trust as well as education for peace and human rights in all countries.
In making available materials that show the realities of war suffering and damages, we believe that such presentations should reflect sound scholarship. At the same time, efforts should be made to enlarge the common ground of historical perception by mutually exchanging materials and information even when positions during the war may have been antagonistic. In particular, in the case of the Asia-Pacific theater, more exhibitions would be held in Japan to publicize atrocities against foreigners symbolized by such incidents as the "Nanjing Massacre" and "Bataan Death March." In the United States, exhibitions depicting such matters as the atomic- bomb damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki should be promoted.
Keeping in mind that the war marked the final defeat of fascism, we think it important to reaffirm the value of freedom, human rights, and democracy for all people, and to commit ourselves to eliminate discrimination based on race, nationality, religion, or gender.
We give serious consideration to the fact that in the final stage of the war atomic bombs were used for the first time in history, victimizing many non-combatants and symbolically inaugurating a nuclear era in which the very existence of humanity is imperiled. We deem it necessary to increase recognition of the inhumanity of nuclear weapons and work for their abolishment.
To turn the lessons of the tragic war in the direction of future world peace, it is our hope that each nation, taking advantage of organization such as the United Nations, energetically pursues ways to peacefully resolve disputes while, at the same time, making efforts to overcome the poverty and environmental destruction that tend to give rise to conflict.
It is our hope that many people, irrespective or nationality or race, will support these eight principles and make efforts to realize them in their own country. In working for a lasting peace for all humanity, we believe it is important to mutually understand the different meanings of peace consciousness that may exist among different peoples. Thus, in addition to soliciting your support of this appeal, we also welcome your comments.
[Signatures of 35 Japanese university professors]
The Reaper
12-09-2004, 08:49
jatx:
Not doubting your sincerity, but this looks a lot like typical rhetoric on a significant anniversary. Almost all of the apologies were to their Asian neighbors.
Even the statement allegedly acknowledging the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was caveated, "Japan commenced war against the Allied Powers in December 1941 with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor (while a notice to terminate Japan-U.S. negotiations was delayed in the Japanese embassy)...." Was that meant to offset the fact that they initiated an unprovoked attack killing 2,400 Americans, many in their sleep? I don't think I would judge the American public's opinion on anything based on a letter signed by 35 professors, either.
I understand your perspective, but see your cites as a few isolated incidents and weak apologies made to appease their Asian trading partners. Based upon my opposing experiences, while I do have some good friends there, I am not buying into the Japanese population's wholesale acknowledgement and repentance for their aggression, barbarism, war crimes, and subsequent revisionist history. Koizumi's actions speak louder than empty rhetoric from nine years ago, and probably represent the Japanese public's real position on the war.
TR
TR,
I guess we'll have to agree to disagree, which is fine.
Again, I also see those cites as second-best evidence, but it's pretty hard to find the results of public opinion polls conducted in Japan. And my Google is strong! :lifter
CPTAUSRET
12-09-2004, 10:24
That stands in marked contrast to the revisionist, PC self-flagellation exercise that many American history courses have become in recent years.
Terry:
I read about your wife previously in your humorous Clinton post. She sounds like a great American, and you are rightly proud of her. However, her individual work with Japanese post-docs in no way bolsters your argument that the Japanese are "rewriting history" and that their war monuments fail to mention Pearl Harbor.
While visiting Hiroshima, you missed this on Pearl Harbor: http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/visit_e/est_e/panel/A2/2201.htm
For the record, the inscription at Nagasaki follows: http://www.peace-nagasaki.go.jp/eng/ftop.html
I believe it's worth noting that the Nagasaki memorial does not assign culpability for the war to any party, and doesn't even address the justness of America's decision to drop the bomb there. It is only meant to stand as a symbol for peace amongst all people, and to commemorate the civilian lives lost there. That is a noble goal, and I can't fault the Japanese for not providing more of a history lesson. We took the same approach in constructing our own Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which makes no political statements whatsoever.
jatx:
The Clinton post was in no way meant to be humorous, it in fact was written as factually as possible. But I guess the measure of it's content lies in the eyes of the beholder.
The purpose of mentioning my wife's Post-Doc was anecdotal evidence, albeit a small sample. I mentioned that we travel to Japan often to show that we in fact like the Japanese people.
So, you also found a single reference to their attacking Pearl Harbor...As we did.
You have visited the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, and you are comparing it to the Nagasaki Memorial? The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "which makes no political statements, whatsoever." Why should it?
The Nagasaki memorial is a large exhibit, with tons of pictures depicting the devastation our bombs caused (with one reference that Japan started the war), a great deal of slanted narrative, and a statement that they were prepared to lose millions more in defense of their homeland.
Terry
Roguish Lawyer
12-09-2004, 10:55
Was that meant to offset the fact that they initiated an unprovoked attack killing 2,400 Americans, many in their sleep?
You're not against surprise attacks or killing soldiers in their sleep, are you?
Seems to me that Pearl Harbor was a great military victory. Sucks that we lost, but I don't hold the attack itself against the Japanese. The atrocities and the reasons for starting the war are a different matter entirely.
:munchin
The Reaper
12-09-2004, 11:43
You're not against surprise attacks or killing soldiers in their sleep, are you?
Seems to me that Pearl Harbor was a great military victory. Sucks that we lost, but I don't hold the attack itself against the Japanese. The atrocities and the reasons for starting the war are a different matter entirely.
:munchin
I am when they are Americans dying.
I hear that too much popcorn can be bad for your health, Counsel.
TR
You're not against surprise attacks or killing soldiers in their sleep, are you?
Seems to me that Pearl Harbor was a great military victory. Sucks that we lost, but I don't hold the attack itself against the Japanese.
Well, I'm dead set against unprovoked sneak attacks on the American military. The Japanese get a pass because of pre-emptive tactics? No.
We didn't "lose" that battle because we didn't know it was one. Furthermore, wasn't the goal to knock US capabilites out of action? It didn't work since we came roaring back and kicked their asses. Can't be called a victory if it failed in the mission.
Roguish Lawyer
12-09-2004, 15:08
Well, I'm dead set against unprovoked sneak attacks on the American military. The Japanese get a pass because of pre-emptive tactics? No.
So am I. My only point is that there is nothing wrong with a sneak attack. There is a lot wrong with any attack against us.
We didn't "lose" that battle because we didn't know it was one. Furthermore, wasn't the goal to knock US capabilites out of action? It didn't work since we came roaring back and kicked their asses. Can't be called a victory if it failed in the mission.
Uh, we really got our ass kicked at Pearl Harbor. Totally taken by surprise and lost pretty much the whole Pacific Fleet. Thank God the carriers weren't there.
Resolution to Renew the Determination for Peace on the Basis of Lessons Learned from History
June 9, 1995
(Unofficial translation by the Secretariat of the Japan House of Representatives)
The House of Representatives resolves as follows:
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II, this House offers its sincere condolences to those who fell in action of wars and similar actions all over the world.
Solemnly reflecting upon many instances of colonial rule and acts of aggression in the modern history of the world, and recognizing that Japan carried out those acts in the past, inflicting pain and suffering upon the peoples of other countries, especially in Asia, the Members of this House express a sense of deep remorse.
We must transcend differences over historical views of the past war and learn humbly the lessons of history so as to build a peaceful international society.
This House expresses its resolve, under the banner of eternal peace enshrined in the Constitution of Japan, to join hands with other nations of the world and to pave the way to a future that allows all human beings to live together.jatx,
A few thoughts, if you don't mind.
I was living in Japan when this came out. I don't know if I can explain how strange it was to drive out the front gate on December 7 and have to make my way through the Japanese protesting our presence there. The protestors appeared on two days that I recall: the day they attacked Pearl Harbor and the day we dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. I remember asking my Japanese students why the protesters appeared on December 7. My students told me they had been taught that the attack on Pearl Harbor was provoked by us -- that if we had stayed out of it there wouldn't have been a world war. The mother of one of my students was living in England on December 7, and her main regret about the attack was that she had to come home. Now I only lived in one area of Japan, so I don't have experience in other parts of the country. On the other hand, I was in the Yokohama area...not out in the boonies. You are right to say we shouldn't generalize or attribute one opinion to all, but the Japanese I met who were truly ashamed of what they had done were few and far between. They told me over and over that they love Americans because we didn't do what they would have done: we didn't take their country after they surrendered -- and I mean "take" in every sense of the word. They don't really understand us, or why we do what we do, but they are intrigued because we are so different from them.
Like I said, I was in Japan when the apology came out. The wording was considered too extreme for the Japanese public, and not extreme enough for the victims of their aggression. A little more background on the apology:
In 1991, it was rumored that Japan was going to make an official apology to the United States for the attack. The apology did not come in the form many expected, however. The Japanese Foreign Ministry released a statement that said Japan had intended to make a formal declaration of war to the US at 1 PM, twenty-five minutes before the attacks at Pearl Harbor were scheduled to begin. (It appears that the Japanese government was referring to the "14-part message", which did not even formally break off negotiations, let alone declare war.) However, due to various delays, the Japanese ambassador was unable to make the declaration until well after the attacks had begun. For this, the Japanese government apologized. The Japanese records admitted into evidence during the Congressional Hearing show that the Japanese had not even written a declaration of war until after they heard of the successful attack on Pearl Harbor; it would be difficult for them to deliver a document that had not yet been written. The two-line declaration of war was delivered to Ambassador Grew about ten hours after the attack was over. He was allowed to transmit it to the United States where it was received late Monday afternoon. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II/Pearl_Harbor
And this from 1999: The HR Concurrent Resolution 126 of the 105th Congress, introduced by Representative Lipinski of Illinois, was intended to express the Congressional concern for the formal issuance of an apology by the Japanese government. The apology would address issues, among others, of comfort women, who were forced into prostitution and performed their duties in military brothels, to the Nanjing Massacre, the Bataan Death March, Unit 731, and other more minor incidents. Although the bill was successful in gaining 76 co-sponsors in the House, it never progressed past the International Relations Committee. Current efforts to introduce similar bills into the 106th Senate as well as the House are well under way. Drafts are currently circulating within the lobbying efforts in Washington.
When Chinese President Jiang Zemin made a historical visit to Japan earlier last year, he expressed that his two goals were to extract a formal apology for the wartime atrocities that were wreaked by the Japanese and also to secure the Japanese positioning on Taiwanese independence. He failed on both accounts, although the Japanese government did issue a document proclaiming its deep remorse for violent action taken in China during World War II. What is being sought after by the Chinese government as well as overseas Chinese, however, is more than a simple documentation of remorse. A formal apology as well as reparations are expected. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccba/cear/issues/fall99/text-only/hsia.htm
CPTAUSRET
12-09-2004, 18:56
jatx,
A few thoughts, if you don't mind.
I was living in Japan when this came out. I don't know if I can explain how strange it was to drive out the front gate on December 7 and have to make my way through the Japanese protesting our presence there. The protestors appeared on two days that I recall: the day they attacked Pearl Harbor and the day we dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. I remember asking my Japanese students why the protesters appeared on December 7. My students told me they had been taught that the attack on Pearl Harbor was provoked by us -- that if we had stayed out of it there wouldn't have been a world war. The mother of one of my students was living in England on December 7, and her main regret about the attack was that she had to come home. Now I only lived in one area of Japan, so I don't have experience in other parts of the country. On the other hand, I was in the Yokohama area...not out in the boonies. You are right to say we shouldn't generalize or attribute one opinion to all, but the Japanese I met who were truly ashamed of what they had done were few and far between. They told me over and over that they love Americans because we didn't do what they would have done: we didn't take their country after they surrendered -- and I mean "take" in every sense of the word. They don't really understand us, or why we do what we do, but they are intrigued because we are so different from them.
Like I said, I was in Japan when the apology came out. The wording was considered too extreme for the Japanese public, and not extreme enough for the victims of their aggression. A little more background on the apology:
And this from 1999:
lrd:
Good post!
Thanks for contributing to the discussion, and you do not need to ask permission ("A few thoughts, if you don't mind.")!
Glad you are here.
Terry
lrd:
Good post!
Thanks for contributing to the discussion, and you do not need to ask permission ("A few thoughts, if you don't mind.")!
Glad you are here.
Terry
Thanks, Terry. I enjoy the company. :)
CPTAUSRET
12-09-2004, 19:37
Thanks, Terry. I enjoy the company. :)
Me too: ;)
Terry
Terry,
Don't take my comment about your "humorous" post too personally. I merely meant that your story of having single-handedly humbled Clinton put a smile on my face. We may not agree about Japan, but beers would have most certainly been on me after that.
CPTAUSRET
12-09-2004, 22:04
Terry,
Don't take my comment about your "humorous" post too personally. I merely meant that your story of having single-handedly humbled Clinton put a smile on my face. We may not agree about Japan, but beers would have most certainly been on me after that.
Works for me.
Terry